Direct and indirect speech

Jujur materi ini yang buat aku bingung and asyik buat dipelajari. Materi ini ngebahas gimana caranya ngubah direct speech jadi indirect speech. Pengen tau asyiknya?

Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
Indirect speech
Indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.


Did you know?
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
• In an indirect statement, we add the conjunction “that” (e.g. he said that…).
• In an imperative, we use “to infinitive” (he told to clean the windows).
• The examples of past introductory verb: said, told, asked, replied, answered,etc.
• If the introductory verb is in the past form, then the tense form for indirect speech is changed.

The changing of tense
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present continuous
Subject + is/am/are + verb-ing Past continuous
Subject + was/were + verb-ing
Simple present
Subject + verb 1 Simple past
Subject +verb 2
Simple past
Subject + verb 2 Past perfect
Subject + had + verb 3
Present perfect
Subject + has/have + verb 3 Past perfect
Subject + had + verb 3
Present future
Subject + will + verb 1 Past future
Subject + would + verb 1
Modals
Can + infinitive
May
Must
Could + infinitive
Might
Had to








Essential patterns of direct and indirect speech
Direct speech Indirect speech with the introductory verb in the past tense
Imperative (positive)
Go away.
Bring me a book.

Imperative (negative)
Don’t do that.
Don’t clean it yourself.
He told me to go away.
She asked her to bring him a book.


He asked me (her, us, etc.) not to do it.
He told me not to clean it myself
Statement
I am very sorry.
I lost my temper yesterday.

He said that he was very sorry.
He told me that he had lost his temper the day before.
‘WH’ questions
Where are you going?
How did you do this?

Yes/no questions
Are you enjoying yourself?
Can you hear me?
She asked him where he was going.
I wanted to know how you had done that.


She asked me if/whether I was enjoying myself.
He wanted to know if/whether I could hear him.
Exclamations
What a lovely house!
Hello! Where are you going?
Oh dear! I’ve torn my skirt.
He remarked what a lovely house it was.
She greeted me and asked me where I was going.
He exclaimed sadly that he had torn his skirt.