Materi ini yang kita gunakan untuk menanyakan seseorang ingat atau tidak tentang sesuatu. Mau tau lebih lanjut? Let’s check it out.
Formal expressions
• I wonder if you remember ….
• You remember ...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
• Don’t you remember....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond
• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that.
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly
Informal expressions
• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry, I don’t remember.
Ways to respond
• Hold on. Yes, got it!
• I know ….
• It’s coming back to me now.
Response if you forget:
• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m afraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
• Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
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Selasa, 15 Februari 2011
Asking if someone remembers or not
Asking for information
Materi kita yang kali ini is very useful untuk kita bisa nanya tentang informasi kepada orang lain. Asyik kan materi ini? Mari kita cek bersama-sama asyiknya materi ini.
The use of WH questions
• What
• When
• Where
• Who
• Why
• How
Combined with to be
• What is ……. Your name?
• When was ……. He born?
• Where are ………. The tickets?
• Why were …………. They here?
• Who are ……….. Those people?
• How is ……. Helen?
Combined with auxiliary verbs or modals
• What do …………
• When did …………
• Where shall ……..
• Why does ……..
• Who might ……
• How could …….
Asking for information:
• I’d like to know about this novel
• I’m interested in the characters
• Could you tell me more about it?
• Do you know the plot?
• Could you find out the solution?
• Could I ask about the conflict?
• Do you happen to know the writer?
Guessing:
• I’d say … I know where to find the book
• It could be … somewhere in the library
• Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
• I think it’s … not there anymore
• It looks like … someone has taken the book
• It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
• It’s being borrowed by a student
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Offering
Tuti:”Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Shelley?”
Mrs:”Yes,please. Thank you. Hmmm… this tea tastes good…. And smells fragrant too….”
Tuti:”Thank you. I’m glad you like it”
Tau kan jenis kalimat yang diberi tanda garis bawah di atas? That’s right. The sentence is about offering to someone.
Offering:
• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Charlie?
• Should I get you a bottle f water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Gina?
• Would you care for some salad?
Offering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
Less formal expressions:
• Would you like to have pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?
Declining an offer:
• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t, thank you.
• Not for me thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.
Accepting an offer:
• Thank you.
• Yes, please.
• I’d like it very much.
• Thank you, I would.
• That would be very nice.
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Invitation (written)
Nih materi sama kaya materi in first semester, materi ini tentang invitation, bedanya ama yang di semester 1, invitation yang ini pake undangan/tertulis bukan orally. Mau tau apa bedanya? Baca penjelasan di bawah.
Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation:
1. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
Example of Formal Invitation
2. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
Example of Informal Invitation
How to write an invitation
Step 1
before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.
Example of invitation:
1. Wedding invitation
2. Birthday invitation
3. Baby shower
4. Dinner invitation
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Preposition In, On, and At
Wah, kita nyampe di materi yang paling asyikl. Sebuah kalimat kalau tidak ada materi yang satu ini bakal terasa hambar deh. Mulai deh keluar lebaynya. hehe
Prepositions: In, on, and at (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
Preposition Time Place
In Year, Month,
In 1999, In December Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, In Taipei
On Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1 Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At Time
At 8:00, At 7:30 Address
At 815 East Main Street
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.
Examples:
A: Where's your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It's on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.
C: When is the wedding?
D: It's in June.
C: What day?
D: It's on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on site) in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general) in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors, general area) in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (While watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation building
In school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.) in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal) in the jail/prison (temporary)
In church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.) in the church (building)
Where's Dad?
in church (attending services) in the church (fixing the windows)
at church at the church
In prison (He committed a crime.) at the prison (visiting his friend)
Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
• at for a precise time
• in for months, years, centuries, and long periods
• on for days and dates
at in on
Precise time Months, years, centuries, and long periods Days and dates
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
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Modals in the past form
Ini materi tentang modals tetap dalam bentuk past (lampau). Tau kan apa-apa aja bentuknya? That’s good. Very nice. Let’s see.
Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals and Modality
Modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in Germanic languages including English that indicate modality. Modality is the grammaticalized expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions of the speaker including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability, desire, and contingency.
The Modal Verbs in English
The nine modals verbs in English are:
• can
• could
• may
• might
• must
• shall
• should
• will
• would
Position of Modal Verbs
Modal verbs always appear in the first position at the beginning of the verb phrase in English. Unlike other verbs, modal verbs do not show tense or number. The eight possible verb phrase combinations that contain modal verbs in English are:
• modal verb + base form = will eat
• modal verb + be + present participle = will be eating
• modal verb + have + past participle = will have eaten
• modal verb + be + past participle = will be eaten
• modal verb + have + been + present participle = will have been eating
• modal verb + have + been + past participle = will have been eaten
• modal + be + being + past participle = will be being eaten
• modal verb + have + been + being + past participle = will have been being eaten
Double Modals
Although most varieties of English only allow for the use of one modal verb per verb phrase, some English dialects such as Southern American English allow for multiple modals. For example, the double modal might could as in He might could build a new machine shed expresses both possibility and ability. However, prescriptive grammars proscribe against the use of double modals.
Some Definitions of English Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are difficult to define in any language because of the wide range of pragmatic uses of modal verbs by native speakers. Some of the more common definitions (in no particular order) of the modal verbs in English are:
• can – ability, permission, possibility, request
• could – ability, permission, possibility, request, suggestion
• may – permission, probability, request
• might – possibility, probability, suggestion
• must – deduction, necessity, obligation, prohibition
• shall – decision, future, offer, question, suggestion
• should – advice, necessity, prediction, recommendation
• will – decision, future, intention, offer, prediction, promise, suggestion
• would – conditional, habit, invitation, permission, preference, request, question, suggestion
Examples of Modal Verb Usage
The following sentences are examples of usage of modal verbs in English. For example, the following four sentences all ask for permission but with different degrees and types of modality:
• Can I go to the bathroom? (asking for permission)
• May I go to the bathroom? (more politely asking for permission)
• Could I go to the bathroom? (asking for permission with less certainty)
• Might I go to the bathroom? (asking for permission with uncertainty)
The following sentences also demonstrate the subtle meanings in regards to modal verbs of suggestion:
• You could listen to me. (suggestion)
• You might listen to me. (uncertain suggestion)
• You should listen to me. (strong suggestion)
• You must listen to me. (stronger suggestion)
• You will listen to me. (strongest suggestion)
The meanings of modal verbs are very pragmatic and must be learned through use.
Modals in the past are:
1. Could
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."
Examples:
• Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. (possibility)
• Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. (past ability)
• You could see a movie or go out to dinner. (suggestion)
• Could I use your computer to email my boss? (request)
• We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. (conditional)
Remember: "Could not" vs. "Might not"
"Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens.
Examples:
• Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
• Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.
2. Would
"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials: Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.
Examples:
• If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. (conditional)
• I knew that she would be very successful in her career. (past of "will" )
• When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. (repetition )
3. Should
“Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
• When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. (recommendation)
• You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)
• I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. (obligation)
• By now, they should already be in Dubai. (expectation)
4. Shall
"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English; Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.
Examples:
• Shall I help you? (suggestion)
• I shall never forget where I came from. (promise)
• He shall become our next king. (predestination)
• I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. (inevitability)
5. Might
"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.
Examples:
• Your purse might be in the living room. (possibility)
• If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. (conditional)
• You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. (suggestion)
• Might I borrow your pen? (request)
6. Ought to
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not."
Examples:
• You ought to stop smoking. (recommendation)
• Jim ought to get the promotion. (It is expected because he deserves it)
• This stock ought to increase in value. (Probability)
• Mark ought not to drink so much. (advice against something (notice there is no "to")
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Finite Verb
What is finite verb? Do you know? Please check it out!
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone
Finite verbs
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).
For example:-
I live in Germany. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).
Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).
"Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:
1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings.
2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.
3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.
5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?
(Ronald C. Foote, Cedric Gale, and Benjamin W. Griffith, Essentials of English. Barron's, 2000)
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Sabtu, 12 Februari 2011
Noun Phrases
A beautiful girl, a handsome vocalist, a huge temple, a lazy boy, and so on. Tau pola kalimat itu apa? Good. That is a noun phrases.
Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming “persons, places, things, and ideas. Pronouns are subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, complements, or determiners including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, noun clauses, and verbal phrases.
A noun phrase most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.
Examples:
• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The man who lives there is my uncle.
Noun and noun phrases perform ten grammatical functions in the English language. The ten functions are:
1. Subject.
2. Subject complement.
3. Direct object.
4. Object complement.
5. Indirect object.
6. Prepositional complement.
7. Noun phrase modifier.
8. Determinative.
9. Appositive.
10. Adverbial.
From a functional point of view, the noun phrase has four major function components, occurring in a fixed order:
• The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference in its linguistic or situational context.
• Premodification, which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
• The head, around which the other constituents cluster.
• Post modification, those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.
Structures of noun phrase:
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
1. Noun phrase: pre-modifiers + noun
a. White house; here white is a pre-modifier and house is a noun.
2. Noun phrase: noun + post-modifiers. (the most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases)
a. The boy in the store; here in the store is the post-modifier.
3. Noun phrase: pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
a. The children in the garden; here the is the pre-modifier, children is the noun, in the garden is the post-modifier.
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Vocabulary around the house
desk, tv, sofa, and etc are vocabulary around the house. But, vocabulary around the house tidak hanya cuma itu. mau tau lebih banyak? babca penjelasan di bawah.hhee
Attic People store things in the attic.
Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room A room where people eat.
Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder A small room used for the storage of food.
Library A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room A room where guests sleep.
Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
Things you may find around the house
light bulb(s) plug(s) socket(s) torch(es)
ceiling light(s) lamp(s) curtain(s) lock(s)
key(s) shelf (shelves) (tele)phone(s) box(es)
plug(s) battery (batteries) photo(graph)(s)
Bathroom Furniture
chair(s) basin(s) bath(s) toilet(s) / loo(s)
Other things you may find in a bathroom
toilet roll(s) / loo roll(s) toilet brush(es) / loo brush(es) hairdryer (hairdriers) toothbrush(es)
^
shaving foam razor(s) toilet seat(s) / loo seat(s) bin(s)
towel(s)
Things we do in the bathroom
What people do in the bathroom
People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.
People have a shave in the bathroom.
People brush their teeth in the bathroom.
People take a shower in the bathroom.
People have a bath in the bathroom.
Bedroom Furniture
bed(s) bedside cabinet(s) bedside table(s)
dressing table(s) wardrobe(s) chest of drawer(s)
Other things you may find in a bedroom
brush(es) comb(s) hair dryer(s)
pillow(s) sheet(s) clothes
Things we do in the bedroom
People listen to music in the bedroom.
People sleep in the bedroom.
People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.
Living room furniture
settee(s) armchair(s) coffee table(s) display cabinet(s)
hifi stand(s) tv cabinet(s)
Other things you may in a living room
television(s) / TV(s) HiFi(s) speaker(s)
cushion(s) rug(s)
Things we do in the living room
People watch TV in the living room.
People sit and read a book in the living room.
People listen to music in the living room.
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Introductory It
what is introductory it? Penggunaan it dalam English language is very important. Tau alasannya? Check it out.
A: To get the best score is hard.
B: It is hard to get the best score.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory it. A and B the same thing, but the sentence B is more common mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
When the subject is clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying “That he was once a communist is true,” we say,” It is true that he was once a communist.”
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear, and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that he may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying “To find fault with others is easy”, we say “It is easy to find the fault with others.”
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying “Your trying to deceive us is no good,” we may say “It is no good your trying to deceive us.
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Minggu, 06 Februari 2011
Descriptive Text
Aku memiliki gitar. Gitarku berwarna merah kecokelatan. And so on. Tau kan itu kalimat apa? Very good. Itu adalah kalimat descriptive. Hmm…
Descriptive text is a text to describe something, a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure
• Identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe.
• Description: describes part, qualities, and characteristics.
Significant Grammatical Features
• Focus on specific Participant.
• Use of attributes and identifying Processes.
• Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of simple present tense.
Language features:
• The use of adjectives and of compound adjective (Charlie is brown-skinned, Charlie looks attractive and handsome).
• The use of linking verbs (She always appears young, Charlie is a vocalist band from Bandung).
• The use of attributive has and has.
Example of descriptive text
The Rising Stars
The success of Harry Potter movies has made Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, and Rupert Grint the centre of public attention. The three rising stars have grown up on screen and grown into his or her role as an actor.
Daniel Jacob Radcliffe was born in Fulham, London, 23 July 1989. His nickname is Dan. He is the only child of Alan Radcliffe and Marcia Gresham. Dan has dark brown hair and blue eyes. His height is about 168 cm. He is a loyal, shy, down-to-earth, and humorous person. He is also intelligent and somewhat mysterious. He loves football, Formula One racing and gymnastics.
Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson was born in Paris, France, 15 April 1990. Her nickname is Emma. She is the daughter of Chris Watson and Jacqueline Luesby. She lived in Paris until the age of five before she moved with her mother and younger brother Alexander to Oxford, England. Emma has wavy brown hair. Her height is 165 cm. She is a generous, friendly, and determined person. She also said that she is a little bit stubborn. Emma loves dancing, singing, tennis and art.
Rupert Alexander Grint was born in Hertfordshire, England, 24 August, 1988. His nickname is Rupert. He is the oldest son of Nigel Grint and Jo Parsons. Rupert has bright red hair. His height is 180 cm. He is an active and humorous person. He’s also very humble. However, he is the shyest of the three Harry Potter co-stars. Rupert is arachnophobia. It means that he is afraid of spiders. He likes all kinds of music, but his favorite is classic rock and roll. His favorite school subject is Chemistry.
These Hogwarts trio have been really good friends, not only on screen but also in real life. Their secret of friendship is that they always understand each other although they have different backgrounds and personalities.
Adapted from: http://www.wikipedia.org
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Narrative Text
Wah, balik lagi nih kemateri kita waktu semester 1. Masih ingat ma narrative text? I hope yes.
Narrative text is a text which contains a story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structures:
• Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
• Complication (a problem arises followed by other problem)
• Resolution (solution to the problem)
Language features:
• The use of noun phrases (a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• The use of connectives (first, before that, then, finally)
• The use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• The use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
• The use o action verbs (walk, sleep, wake up)
• The use of saying verbs (tell, say, ask)
• The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses (she felt hungry, she thought she was clever, she smelt something burning)
Example of narrative text
Cold stalked him, and he had no weapon to battle this invisible enemy. Finally his horse burst into a clearing. The wind rattled the tree limbs, but no snow fell here. A wooden house squatted beside a huge camphor tree. The snow was a smooth white carpet. This quiet place seemed peaceful enough, but he sensed someone watching, waiting in silence.
A door opened. A white-haired woman studied him. Holding out her arms, she murmured, “Welcome, my lord. Enter and feel no fear.”
Hikaru smiled. He had killed fear long ago. But his horse ran away from the tiny hut. The samurai pulled the reins and drove it forward until the horse reluctantly moved forward.
He found a lean-to built on the side of the hut, sheltered on one side by the hut and on the other by the tree. When his mount discovered some hay, its hunger drove out all fear. He left the animal peacefully grazing and went to fi nd his hostess.
The hut was simply furnished, though fi relight created a golden sparkle off the dishes and cups she set before him. Where had this woman found such luxuries, he wondered as she silently served him.
After he had eaten, he fi xed his eyes on her. “Who are you?”
She kept her gaze modestly lowered. “I am called Yuki, my lord. This place is my home.”
Yuki glided around the room in a silken whisper. Gradually he became aware of how quiet the woods had become. “Are you not lonely here?”
Her lips quirked in a shadow of a smile. “You are here, my lord. As long as you are pleased with me, how could I be lonely?”
Time passed, but it was always winter. Hikaru forgot everything but the lovely woman who anticipated his wants. As soon as he thought, “I want – “ Yuki was there, offering food and drink to fill his belly or song to soothe his soul. Yet men are never content. For a warrior, even an earthly paradise can become a wicked prison.
One day, Hikaru woke with anger. Nothing Yuki said or did pleased him. Dashing dishes off the table, the tiny crashes echoed how he’d destroyed his enemies in
the past. The memory infl amed his temper. Enough of this quiet and inaction! He could find that in death.
“My lord, tell me how I have displeased you. I – ”
“You, woman!” he snapped. “You’ve kept me prisoner in this place far too long!”
He rushed to the door and fl ung it open. A cold breeze brushed his cheek. Yuki grasped his sleeve. “My lord! Do not leave!”
“Enough!” The samurai jerked from her grip. Rage boiled in his heart as he backhanded her. “Out of my way, woman!”
“As you wish.” The mark of his hand seemed a dark bruise on her pale skin. “I will bother you no more.” Head bowed, Yuki stepped aside. The door swung shut between them.
A low moan shuddered amongst the trees. Wind whipped his helm from his head and his cloak off his shoulders. Cold knifed his body, just beneath the heart.
“Yuki?” Blinded, Hikaru stumbled backwards, but tree bark scraped his questing hands.
Where was the hut? It was cold, so cold.
Spring came late that year. Birdsong welcomed the sun’s return. The golden fingers of the Goddess Amateratsu caressed the still alabaster face of the sleeping man. But he never wakened.
As she continued her journey across the sky, cherry trees covered the silken clad form with tiny pink-edged petals, a living blanket of snow.
Adapted from: http://mariannh.com
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Simple Future
Ini materi rame lo? Mau tau alasannya apa? Langsung aja baca penjelasannya.hehehe
Simple future is used for describing job or action that will happened in the future. Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”.
Positive (+)
a) S + shall/will + V1
Example:
• I shall write a novel.
• They will play badminton.
• Charlie will go to the market.
b) S + be + going + to + V1
Example:
• I am going to write a novel.
• They are going to play badminton.
• Charlie is give a present to me.
Negative (-)
c) S + shall/will + not +V1 + O
Example:
• I shan’t write a novel.
• She won’t clean the room.
• You will not help him later.
• I will not take a nap soon.
d) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O
Example:
• I am not going to party.
• He is not going to visit his grandparents next month.
• We are not going to clean the classroom.
Interrogative
e) Will + S + V1 + O
Example:
• Will you arrive on time?
• Will they want dinner?
• Will he swim very fast?
f) To be + S + going to + V1
Example:
• Am I going to visit my aunt?
• Are you buying a shirt?
• Is he going to write a novel?
Use of simple Future
1. Use “will” to express a voluntary action
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
2. Use “will” to express a promise
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.
3. Use “be going to” to express a plan
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Bandung.
• I’m going to be an actress when I grow up.
• She is not going o spend her holiday in Jakarta.
4. Use “will” or “be going to” to express a prediction
Examples:
• The year 2212 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2212 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Charlie ST12 will be the next president.
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Passive Voice
Ternyata, ga cuman gerakan aja yang punya aktif dan pasif, kalimat juga punya. Baik Indonesian Language or English Language. Pada kali ini, yang akan saya jelaskan lebih mendalam adalah mengenai passive voice in English. Are you ready?
There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tell us what is done to the subject, for example: The letter was written by the secretary.
Definition of passive voice:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence.
The generic structure:
• Active: S + V active + O
• Passive: O + to be + V3 + by + S
Active to passive voice
Simple Present
Noun + is/am/are + V3
Active: she is write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.
Present continuous
Noun + is/am/are + being + V3
Active: I am buying a motorcycle.
Passive: A motorcycle is being bought by me.
Simple Past
Noun + was/were + V3
Active: The police released the hostages.
Passive: The hostages were released by the police.
Past Continuous
Noun + was/were + being +V3
Active: The officer was investigating the case.
Passive: The case was being investigated by the officer.
Simple Future
Noun + shall/will + be +V3
Active: The judges will issue a verdict against the accused.
Passive: A verdict against the accused will be issued by the judges.
Past Future
Noun + should/would + be +V3
Active: The investigator would hand in the file.
Passive: The file would be handed in by the investigator.
Simple Present Perfect
Noun + has/have + been + V3
Active: A local resident has uncovered an ancient boat.
Passive: An ancient boat has been uncovered by a local resident.
Past Perfect
Noun + had + been + V3
Active: We had found your watch.
Passive: Your watch had been found by us.
Simple Future Perfect
Noun + shall/will + have + been + V3
Active: The witness shall have shown the evidence.
Passive: The evidence will have been shown by the witness.
Past Future Perfect
Noun + should/would + have + been + V3
Active: The major should have been invited by the president.
Passive: The president should have been invited by the major.
Modals
Noun + must/shall/will/have to/has to + be + V3
Active: Sugiarto must report his attendance to the police once a week.
Passive: His attendance must be reported by Sugiarto to the police once a week.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
Use of passive
Passive voice is use when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite then active voice, as the following example shows: A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone.
When we rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
• The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped).
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form.
• The two forms should have the same tenses.
How about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
• People don’t use bikes anymore.
• Bikes are not used anymore.
• Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
• Were the cards played in the class yesterday?
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Kamis, 03 Februari 2011
Direct and indirect speech
Jujur materi ini yang buat aku bingung and asyik buat dipelajari. Materi ini ngebahas gimana caranya ngubah direct speech jadi indirect speech. Pengen tau asyiknya?
Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
Indirect speech
Indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
Did you know?
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
• In an indirect statement, we add the conjunction “that” (e.g. he said that…).
• In an imperative, we use “to infinitive” (he told to clean the windows).
• The examples of past introductory verb: said, told, asked, replied, answered,etc.
• If the introductory verb is in the past form, then the tense form for indirect speech is changed.
The changing of tense
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present continuous
Subject + is/am/are + verb-ing Past continuous
Subject + was/were + verb-ing
Simple present
Subject + verb 1 Simple past
Subject +verb 2
Simple past
Subject + verb 2 Past perfect
Subject + had + verb 3
Present perfect
Subject + has/have + verb 3 Past perfect
Subject + had + verb 3
Present future
Subject + will + verb 1 Past future
Subject + would + verb 1
Modals
Can + infinitive
May
Must
Could + infinitive
Might
Had to
Essential patterns of direct and indirect speech
Direct speech Indirect speech with the introductory verb in the past tense
Imperative (positive)
Go away.
Bring me a book.
Imperative (negative)
Don’t do that.
Don’t clean it yourself.
He told me to go away.
She asked her to bring him a book.
He asked me (her, us, etc.) not to do it.
He told me not to clean it myself
Statement
I am very sorry.
I lost my temper yesterday.
He said that he was very sorry.
He told me that he had lost his temper the day before.
‘WH’ questions
Where are you going?
How did you do this?
Yes/no questions
Are you enjoying yourself?
Can you hear me?
She asked him where he was going.
I wanted to know how you had done that.
She asked me if/whether I was enjoying myself.
He wanted to know if/whether I could hear him.
Exclamations
What a lovely house!
Hello! Where are you going?
Oh dear! I’ve torn my skirt.
He remarked what a lovely house it was.
She greeted me and asked me where I was going.
He exclaimed sadly that he had torn his skirt.
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News Item
Pernah baca Koran kan? Ga mungkin kalau ga ada yang ga pernah baca Koran. Yeah, that is my statements. How about you? Do you agree with me? Ternyata, Koran bukan hanya sekadar Koran. Koran juga memiliki generic structures seperti text lainnya. Do you know the generic sturcutres of news item?
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
The purpose of news item is to inform the readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structures of news item:
• Newsworthy events (gives events in a summary form)
• Background events (elaborates about what happened/what caused the events)
• Sources (comments given by participants involved in the events)
Language features of news item:
• Using action verbs
• Using saying verbs
• Using passive sentence
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper more comprehensible:
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate form be.
• It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out. The fu
• To refer the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example of news item
“ I hope with this movie, the rest e world of the acknowledge Indonesian democracy. Democracy is not just a noun but a process, and there’s something amiss in Indonesian’s democratic processes,” Adhyatmika or Mika, told a press conference at the US Embassy in Jakarta on Friday.
Mika, a graduate from Puttnam School of Film, Lasalle College of the arts in Singapore, called his work as”a dark humor” movie.
“I decided to translate my understanding of Indonesian democracy through a “dark humor” movie because if I tell it in a serious way, people won’t see it,” he said.
US Assistant Cultural Attache Arend C. Zwartjes said the movie reflected the message of the competition.
“We didn’t want to tell the world about democracy according to our own concept, but we wanted the world share many concepts of democracy,” he explained.
Mika won a two-week trip to the US next October together with other winners from Iran, Spain, Colombia, Nepal, and Ethiopia. The group will have an interview at Today’s Show at NBC and are slated to meet the Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
“What drives me to take part in this competition was the chance for the winner to meet Hillary Clinton, and if I meet her, I’ll have an opportunity to tell her about Indonesian democracy,” Mika said as quoted by Antara news agency. He admitted in making his movie he was influenced by Wes Anderson, an American movie director who was nominated for a 2001 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for “ The Royal Tenenbaums”.
Source: September 6,2010 http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/03/indonesian-wins-us-short-movie-contest.html
Did you know?
Newspaper language is not same as the ordinary English. They prefer words that are usually shorter and distinctive.
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Surprises and disbeliefs
Hi guys, seringkan kalian nonton,dengar,atau baca berita? Pastinya dong sering. Sebagian dari kalian pasti pernah menyangkal atau ga percaya berita itu benar? That is true? So, apa hubungannya? Penasaran?
Surprise is a feeling that we feel when we hear an amazing news which surprise and amaze us.
Disbelief is an expression that we show or say when we know or hear or see something that is rather difficult to believe.
Telling surprising news:
• Guess what!
• Surprise!
• I’ve got news, for you.
• Do you know what?
• You won’t believe it!
Expressing Surprise:
• Wow! What a surprise!
• That’s a surprise!
• That’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious? You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
Responding of expressing surprise:
• Yeah!
• It is.
• Yup!
• Sure.
• It’s true.
• I’m serious.
• No, I’m not.
• Does it?
• It is, isn’t it?
• Good Heavens.
• My Goodness!
• This is really surprise.
Expressing disbelieves:
• I don’t believe it.
• I just can’t believe…
• I can’t imagine she could do such a foolish thing.
• It’s unbelievable that you visit me.
• It can’t be true.
Responding to believe or not:
• Are you serious?
• Are you kidding?
• Are you joking?
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Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation
Ada yang tau apa arti 3 kata yang ada diatas? Pasti tau kan? Pintar.
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment.
Kinds of gratitude expression are:
• Thank you.
• Thanks a lot.
• Thank you very much
• Thank you for your kindness.
• I want to express my gratitude to…
• How can I thank you?
• I can’t thank you enough.
Responding of gratitude expression:
• You are welcome.
• Don’t mention it.
• No big deal.
• It’s a pleasure
• That’s all right.
• Any time.
• It was the least I could do.
• No problem.
• Glad to be of help.
Compliment
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to “butter up” someone or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing compliments:
• What a nice shirt.
• You look great.
• Fantastic/Marvelous!
• Good job! /Excellent work!
• You’re really the best!
• Well done.
• What a lovely garden.
• That’s a lovely cake.
• You look fabulous!
Responding to complimenting:
• Thank you.
• Thank you very much. It’s nice of you to say so.
• Thanks. Do you really think so?
• I’m glad you enjoyed it.
• I’m glad you like it.
Time to express compliment:
• On his/her general appearance.
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
• When you visit’s someone house for the first time.
• When other people do their best.
Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to say congratulate to someone when get success.
Expression of congratulations:
• Congratulation!
• Let me congratulate you.
• I’d like to be the first to congratulate you.
• Congrats! Finally your dream comes true.
• I must congratulate you.
• Congratulations on your success!
• Splendid!
• Happy Birthday!
• Happy Valentine!
• Happy New Year
• Happy Anniversary!
Responding:
• Thank you.
• Thanks, I needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• The same to you.
• You’ve made my day!
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Happy New Year
Hay semua,apa kabar? Mudah2an baik saja. Yah, walaupun udah telat I want to say Happy New Year all. Smoga di tahun baru ini kita semua bisa menjadi pribadi yang lebi baik lagi dari tahun kemaren. Amin.
Di semester kali ini, bakalan banyak materi yang akan saya posting.
Pengen tau apa aja materinya? Tunggu postingan saya selanjutnya.
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